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You Know They Never Caught That Anthrax Guy

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American microbiologist and vaccinologist suspected for 2001 anthrax attacks

Bruce Edwards Ivins
Bruce Ivins award ceremony crop.jpg

Ivins at a 2003 awards ceremony at USAMRIID
Built-in (1946-04-22)Apr 22, 1946

Lebanese republic, Ohio, U.Southward.
Died July 29, 2008(2008-07-29) (aged 62)

Frederick Memorial Hospital
Frederick, Maryland, U.S.
Cause of expiry Suicide by overdose
Educational activity University of Cincinnati (B.S., G.South., Ph.D.)
Scientific career
Fields Microbiology
Institutions U.s. Army Medical Inquiry Institute of Infectious Diseases
Thesis Binding, uptake, and expression of diptheria toxin in cultured mammalian cells(1976)
Doctoral advisor Peter F. Bonventre

Bruce Edwards Ivins (; Apr 22, 1946 – July 29, 2008)[1] was an American microbiologist, vaccinologist,[1] senior biodefense researcher at the United States Regular army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Maryland, and the suspected perpetrator of the 2001 anthrax attacks.[two] Ivins died on July 29, 2008, of an overdose of acetaminophen (Tylenol) in an apparent suicide afterwards learning that criminal charges were likely to exist filed against him by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) for an alleged criminal connectedness to the attacks.[3] [4] [v]

At a news conference at the United States Section of Justice (DOJ) on Baronial half-dozen, 2008, FBI and DOJ officials formally announced that the Regime had concluded that Ivins was likely solely responsible for "the deaths of 5 persons, and the injury of dozens of others, resulting from the mailings of several anonymous letters to members of Congress and members of the media in September and October 2001, which letters independent Bacillus anthracis, commonly referred to every bit anthrax."[vi] [vii] On February 19, 2010, the FBI released a 92-page summary of evidence against Ivins and announced that it had ended its investigation.[eight] [9] The FBI conclusions have been contested by many, including senior microbiologists, the widow of one of the victims,[10] and several prominent American politicians. Senator Patrick Leahy (D-VT), who was among the targets in the assail, Senator Chuck Grassley (R-IA), Senator Arlen Specter (R-PA), Representative Rush Holt (D-NJ), and Representative Jerrold Nadler (D-NY)[11] [12] [13] all argued that Ivins was not solely responsible for the attacks. No formal charges were ever filed against Ivins for the crime, and no direct evidence of his involvement has been uncovered.[11]

The FBI after requested a panel from the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) to review its scientific piece of work on the case.[14] On May xv, 2011, the panel released its findings, which "conclude[d] that the bureau overstated the strength of genetic analysis linking the mailed anthrax to a supply kept past Bruce E. Ivins."[11] [15] The NAS committee stated that its primary finding was that "it is not possible to reach a definitive conclusion about the origins of the B. anthracis in the mailings based on the available scientific show solitary."[12] [thirteen] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21]

Early on and family life [edit]

Bruce Ivins was born, and spent his youth, in Lebanese republic, Ohio, a modest boondocks 30 miles (48 km) northeast of Cincinnati.[22] His parents were Thomas Randall Ivins and Mary Johnson (née Knight) Ivins, and he was the youngest of iii brothers.[1] Ivins'southward male parent, a pharmacist, endemic a drugstore and was active in the local Rotary Club and Chamber of Commerce. The family went regularly to Lebanon Presbyterian Church, although Ivins was later a Cosmic parishioner.[23] According to C.W. Ivins, 1 of Ivins' older brothers, their female parent Mary was fierce and physically abusive to all 3 children. When she discovered she was significant with Bruce, a pregnancy that was unplanned and unwanted, she repeatedly tried to abort the child by throwing herself downward a set of stairs. Ivins would eventually hear the story of his female parent's attempt to abort him.[22]

Avidly interested in science, Ivins was an active participant in extracurricular activities in loftier school, including the National Honor Club, scientific discipline fairs, the current events club, and the scholarship squad all four years. He ran on the rail and cross-country teams, worked on the yearbook and school newspaper, and was in the school choir and junior and senior class plays.[23]

In Dec 1975, Ivins married nursing student Mary Diane Betsch (known every bit Diane), to whom he remained married until his death.[1] [24] The couple had two children.[1] [23] [25] Diane Ivins was a homemaker and full time parent who also ran a daycare center out of the family'due south home.[26] His married woman, children, and brothers were all still alive at the time of his death; his parents were deceased.[1]

Teaching and career [edit]

Ivins graduated with honors from the University of Cincinnati (UC) with a B.Due south. degree in 1968, an 1000.S. caste in 1971, and a Ph.D. caste in 1976, all in microbiology.[ii] Ivins conducted his Ph.D. research under the supervision of Dr. Peter F. Bonventre. His dissertation focused on dissimilar aspects of toxicity in disease-causing bacteria.[23]

Ivins was a scientist for 36 years[1] and senior biodefense researcher at the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) in Fort Detrick, Maryland for 18 years.[2] Later on conducting research on Legionella and cholera, in 1979, Ivins turned his attention to anthrax after the anthrax outbreak in the Soviet urban center of Sverdlovsk (now known every bit Yekaterinburg), which killed at least 105 after an adventitious release at a armed services facility.[25]

Ivins had published at least 44 scientific papers dating back to May 18, 1969.[27] [28] His primeval known published piece of work pertained to the response of peritoneal macrophages, a type of white claret cell, to infection by Chlamydia psittaci, an infectious bacterium that can exist transmitted from animals to humans.[29] [xxx] Ivins often cited the 2001 anthrax attacks in his papers to eternalize the significance of his research in years subsequent to the attacks.[31] In a 2006 paper published in the prestigious journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, he wrote with his co-authors

Shortening the elapsing of antibiotic postexposure prophylaxis in a bioterrorism event involving B. anthracis by adding postexposure vaccination could profoundly alleviate problems of noncompliance and side effects associated with prolonged antibiotic therapy. The value of adding vaccination to postexposure antibiotic prophylaxis should be considered in planning the public wellness response to bioterrorism events involving inhalational anthrax.[31]

Ivins was a co-inventor on two United states patents for anthrax vaccine technology, U.S. Patent vi,316,006 and U.S. Patent 6,387,665. Both of these patents are endemic by his employer at the time, the United States Army. On March fourteen, 2003, Ivins and two of his colleagues at USAMRIID received the Decoration for Infrequent Noncombatant Service — the highest award given to Defense force Section noncombatant employees — for helping solve technical problems in the manufacture of anthrax vaccines.[32]

Alleged interest in 2001 anthrax attacks and investigations [edit]

The 2001 anthrax attacks involved the mailing of several letters proclaiming, "Death to America ... Death to Israel ... Allah is Great",[33] and contaminated with anthrax, to the offices of U.Due south. Senators Tom Daschle and Patrick Leahy, as well as to the offices of ABC News, CBS News, NBC News, the New York Post, and the National Enquirer.[34] [35]

Initial investigative role [edit]

Ivins became involved in the investigation of the anthrax attacks because he was regarded as a skilled microbiologist.[2] Starting in mid-Oct, he and his colleagues worked long hours testing samples to distinguish existent anthrax letters from the numerous hoaxes that were sent out at this fourth dimension.[36] Ivins also helped the FBI analyze the powdery cloth recovered from one of the anthrax-tainted envelopes sent to a U.S. senator's role in Washington, D.C.[ii]

Results of the investigation were initially distributed to the public via ABC News, challenge "four well placed sources" had confirmed that "trace amounts of the chemical additives bentonite" were found in the anthrax samples, and that this was the chemical signature of Iraqi-made anthrax.[33] Nonetheless, information technology was after confirmed that no bentonite was always found in the anthrax samples.[33] While information technology is presumed that Ivins was one of ABC News' 4 sources, ABC refused to reveal their identities, which has contributed to a mystery surrounding Ivins' office in the initial investigation and its widely reported findings.[33]

2002 Fort Detrick anthrax containment breach [edit]

In 2002, an investigation was carried out as a result of an incident at Fort Detrick where anthrax spores had escaped advisedly guarded rooms into the building's unprotected areas.[37] The incident chosen into question the ability of USAMRIID to go along its mortiferous agents inside laboratory walls seven months after the anthrax mailings.

A coworker reportedly told Ivins that she was concerned she was exposed to anthrax spores when handling an anthrax-contaminated letter. Ivins tested the technician's desk area that December and establish growth that had the hallmarks of anthrax. He decontaminated her desk, computer, keypad and monitor, but did not notify his superiors.[37]

2008 investigation [edit]

For vi years, the FBI focused its investigation on Steven Hatfill, because him to be the chief suspect in the attacks. In March 2008, notwithstanding, authorities exonerated Hatfill and settled a lawsuit he initiated for $v.8 million.[38] According to ABC News, some in the FBI considered Ivins a doubtable as early as 2002.[39] FBI Managing director Robert Mueller changed leadership of the investigation in late 2006, and at that time Ivins became the main focus of the investigation.[2]

Later Hatfill was no longer considered a suspect, Ivins began "showing signs of serious strain".[twoscore] Every bit a event of his changed behavior, he lost admission to sensitive areas at his task. Ivins began being treated for low and expressed some suicidal thoughts.[two] On March 19, 2008, police found Ivins unconscious at his abode in Frederick and sent him to the hospital.[23]

In June 2008, Ivins was involuntarily committed to a psychiatric hospital. The FBI said that during a June five group therapy session there, he had a chat with a witness, during which he made a series of statements nearly the anthrax mailings that the FBI said could best be characterized as "non-denial denials".[41] When asked well-nigh the anthrax attacks and whether he could have had anything to do with them, the FBI said that Ivins admitted he suffered from loss of memory, stating that he would wake up dressed and wonder if he had gone out during the dark. His responses allegedly included the post-obit:

"I can tell you I don't take it in my heart to kill anybody"
"I do not have whatsoever recollection of ever have doing anything similar that. As a matter of fact, I don't have no clue how to, how to brand a bio-weapon and I don't want to know."
"I can tell y'all, I am not a killer at heart"
"If I found out I was involved in some mode, and, and ..."
"I don't think of myself as a cruel, a, a nasty evil person."
"I don't like to hurt people, accidentally, in, in whatever style. And [several scientists at USAMRIID] wouldn't do that. And I, in my correct listen wouldn't do it [laughs] ... But it'southward still, simply I still feel responsibleness because it [the anthrax] wasn't locked up at the fourth dimension ..."

Tardily in July 2008, investigators informed Ivins of his impending prosecution for alleged involvement in the 2001 anthrax attacks that Ivins himself had previously assisted authorities in investigating. It was reported that the death sentence would take been sought in the example.[42] Ivins maintained his security clearance until July 10; he had been publicly critical of the laboratory'southward security procedures for several years.[43]

W. Russell Byrne, a colleague who worked in the bacteriology sectionalization of the Fort Detrick research facility, said FBI agents "hounded" Ivins by twice raiding his home and that Ivins had been hospitalized for depression before in the month.[44] According to Byrne and local police, Ivins had been removed from his workplace out of fears that he might harm himself or others. "I think he was only psychologically wearied by the whole procedure", Byrne said.[45] "There are people who you simply know are ticking bombs", Byrne said. "He was not 1 of them."[46] However, Tom Ivins, who concluding spoke to his blood brother in 1985, said, "Information technology makes sense ... he considered himself like a god."[45]

The Los Angeles Times said that Ivins stood to turn a profit from the attacks because he was a co-inventor on two patents for a genetically-engineered anthrax vaccine. San Francisco-area biotechnology company VaxGen licensed the vaccine and won a federal contract valued at $877.5 1000000 to provide the vaccine nether the Project Bioshield Act.[47] Withal, biological warfare and anthrax vaccine good Meryl Nass expressed skepticism about this purported motive: "Historically, authorities employees do not receive these royalties: the government does."[48]

On August 6, 2008, U.Due south. Chaser Jeffrey A. Taylor, officially made a statement that Ivins was the "sole culprit" in the 2001 anthrax attacks.[49] Taylor stated that Ivins had submitted false anthrax prove to throw investigators off of his trail, was unable to adequately explain his belatedly laboratory working hours around the time of the attacks, tried to frame his co-workers, had immunized himself against anthrax in early September 2001, was one of more than 100 people with admission to the same strain of anthrax used in the killings, and had used similar language in an email to that in one of the anthrax mailings.[l] Ivins was also reportedly upset that the anthrax vaccine that he had spent years helping develop was existence pulled from the market.[51]

Expiry [edit]

On the morning of July 27, 2008, Ivins was again found unconscious at his home. He was taken to Frederick Memorial Hospital and died on July 29 from what was then called an overdose of Tylenol laced with codeine,[52] an credible suicide. No dissection was ordered following his decease because, according to an officer in the local police department, the state medical examiner "adamant that an autopsy wouldn't be necessary" based on laboratory exam results of blood taken from the body.[53] A summary of the police report of his death, released in 2009, lists the crusade of death as liver and kidney failure, citing his purchase of ii bottles of Tylenol PM (containing diphenhydramine), contradicting earlier reports of Tylenol with codeine.[54] His family unit declined to put him on the liver transplant list, and he was removed from life support.[54]

The FBI declined to annotate on the situation.[55] Ivins' attorney released a statement saying that Ivins had co-operated with the FBI'southward six-year investigation and was innocent.[56]

Anthrax investigation, post-expiry [edit]

Criticism of the official findings [edit]

Paul Kemp, Ivins' attorney, stated that the government's case confronting Ivins was "not disarming." Justice Department official Dean Boyd stated that Ivins mailed anthrax to NBC in retaliation for an investigation of Ivins' laboratory'southward work on anthrax conducted by Gary Matsumoto, a former NBC News journalist. At the time, nevertheless, Matsumoto was working for ABC, not NBC. Also, Ivins passed a lie detector exam in which he was questioned most his possible participation in the anthrax attacks. Boyd responded by maxim that the FBI now believes that Ivins used countermeasures to deceive the polygraph examiners. "There are clearly a lot of unanswered questions," said Senator Chuck Grassley, who called for a congressional investigation into the allegations that Ivins was the anthrax killer.[57]

Those who argue for Ivins' innocence say that the anthrax used in the attacks was likewise sophisticated to be produced by a lone researcher without relevant training. Richard O. Spertzel, a microbiologist who led the United Nations' biological weapons inspections of Iraq, wrote that the anthrax used could non accept come from the lab where Ivins worked.[58] "In my stance, there are peradventure four or five people in the whole country who might be able to brand this stuff, and I'm one of them," said Spertzel, who was also the former deputy commander of USAMRIID.[59] "And even with a skilful lab and staff to aid run it, it might take me a yr to come upward with a product as good."[59] The spores in the Daschle letter were i.5 to 3 micrometres across, many times smaller than the finest known grade of anthrax produced by either the U.Southward. or Soviet bioweapons programs.[59] An electron microscope, which costs hundreds of thousands of dollars, would be needed to verify that the target spore size had been consistently accomplished.[59] The presence of the anti-clumping condiment silicon dioxide in the anthrax samples also suggests a loftier degree of sophistication as specialists working at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory were unable to duplicate this holding despite 56 attempts.[sixty]

While non outright rejecting the theory of Ivins' interest, Senator Leahy said that "if he is the 1 who sent the letter, I do non believe in any mode, shape or style that he is the only person involved in this attack on Congress and the American people. I do non believe that at all."[61]

Allegations of mental illness [edit]

On August 6, 2008, the FBI released a collection of emails written past Ivins.[62] In some, Ivins describes episodes of low, anxiety, and paranoia for which he was medicated;[63] these are referenced in the summary of the case against Ivins. A psychiatrist engaged past The New York Times to analyze the released documents found evidence of psychoses, only could not rule out the possibility that Ivins was feigning or exaggerating mental illness for purposes of attention or sympathy.[64]

A United States regime investigative panel, chosen the Practiced Behavioral Analysis Panel, issued a report in March 2011 which detailed more of Ivins' mental health bug. According to the panel'southward report, the Regular army did not examine Ivins' background adequately before clearing him to work with anthrax, and such clearance should not have been given. The written report endorses the government's implication of Ivins: circumstantial prove from Ivins' psychiatric history supported the conclusion that Ivins was the anthrax killer.[65] [66] [67]

Allegations by Ivins' counselor [edit]

Social worker Jean C. Duley applied for a protective gild, writing that Ivins had stalked and threatened to impale her and had a long history of homicidal threats.[23] Duley stated that she had treated Ivins for half-dozen months, later on which she said he threatened to "become out in a blaze of celebrity". When she forwarded this information to the FBI, she said he left rants on her voicemail that blamed her for his legal issues.[68]

Duley had been set to give testimony confronting Ivins on August one, 2008.[45] Ivins, all the same, had no criminal tape, whereas Duley had a history of convictions for driving under the influence and charges of battery of her ex-husband.[69] The charges forced her to quit her job, and attorney costs used up her savings, according to her fiancé.[69] In a 1999 newspaper interview, Duley described herself equally a erstwhile motorbike gang member and drug user: "Heroin. Cocaine. PCP. Yous name it, I did it."[70] According to an article originally appearing in the Frederick News-Post on August 12, 2009, Duley was nether house arrest when she tape recorded Ivins' allegedly threatening messages.[71] The News-Mail service as well made available a recording of the allegedly threatening calls.[72] The newspaper characterized the messages equally not being threatening just instead "the pitiful ramblings of a broken human being who felt betrayed".[71]

In her July 2008 restraining order, Duley declared that Ivins had a history of threats. She further declared a "detailed homicidal program" to kill his co-workers later learning he was going to exist indicted on capital letter murder charges and stated that, upon hearing of his possible indictment, Ivins had purchased a gun and a bulletproof belong.[73] Ivins was subsequently committed for psychiatric evaluation and his home was raided by federal agents who confiscated ammunition and a bulletproof vest.[74] He was released from his committal on July 24, five days before his death.

Argument past Henry S. Heine [edit]

Henry S. Heine, a microbiologist who was Ivins' fellow researcher at the USAMRIID, told a National University of Sciences (NAS) panel on April 22, 2010, that he considered information technology incommunicable that Ivins could have produced the anthrax used in the attacks without detection.[fourteen] Heine told the sixteen-member panel that producing the quantity of spores in the letters would accept taken at least a twelvemonth of intensive work using the equipment at the USAMRIID laboratory. Such an endeavor would not take escaped colleagues' notice, and laboratory technicians who worked closely with Ivins have told him they saw no such work.[14] Heine also stated that biological containment measures where Ivins worked were inadequate to foreclose the spores from floating out of the laboratory into creature cages and offices, saying "You'd have had expressionless animals or dead people".[14]

Heine said he did not dispute that there was a genetic link between the spores in the letters and the anthrax in Ivins' flask, which led the FBI to conclude that Ivins had grown the spores from a sample taken from the flask. Heine pointed out that samples from the flask were widely shared. Accusing Ivins of the attacks, he said, was like tracing a murder to the clerk at the sporting goods shop who sold the bullets.[14] Asked by reporters afterward his testimony whether he believed there was any adventure that Ivins had carried out the attacks, Heine replied, "Absolutely not." At the USAMRIID, he said, "among the senior scientists, no one believes it."[xiv]

National Academy of Sciences scientific evidence review [edit]

The FBI asked the NAS to review the Bureau'south scientific work on the case. A panel was created, chaired by Alice P. Gast, president of Lehigh Academy.[fourteen] On May fifteen, 2011, the panel released its findings, which "conclude[d] that the bureau overstated the strength of genetic analysis linking the mailed anthrax to a supply kept by Bruce Eastward. Ivins."[11]

Calls for farther investigation [edit]

Following the release of an NAS report in Feb 2011, Congressman Rush D. Holt, Jr. (D-NJ), a physicist from whose district the anthrax letters were mailed, re-introduced legislation "to create a 9/11-style Committee, complete with amendment ability, with a mandate to review the entire affair."[11] Senator Chuck Grassley told The Washington Mail: "There are no more excuses for fugitive an independent review."[eleven] Journalist Glenn Greenwald, who was song in his criticism of the anthrax investigation,[69] [75] [76] [77] [78] argued that "[o]ther than a desire to avoid finding out who the culprit was (or to avert having the FBI'south case confronting Ivins subjected to scrutiny), there's no rational reason to oppose an contained investigation into this matter."[xi]

Interests and beliefs [edit]

Personal life [edit]

Ivins was a Roman Cosmic. The News-Mail service made public several letters to the editor written by Ivins dealing with his religious views.[79] These were cited in the Department of Justice summary of the instance against Ivins as suggesting that he may take harbored a grudge against pro-choice Catholic senators Daschle and Leahy, recipients of anthrax mailings.[63] In a letter, Ivins stated, "By blood and faith, Jews are God's called, and accept no need for 'dialogue' with any gentile."[eighty] Ivins praised a rabbi for refusing a dialogue with a Muslim cleric.[fourscore]

Ivins'southward pastimes included playing keyboard at his local church building, Saint John the Evangelist;[1] he was a member of the American Red Cross;[1] he was an gorging juggler and founder of the Frederick Jugglers.[23] Ivins played keyboards in a Celtic band and would often compose and play songs for coworkers who were moving to new jobs.[23] [25]

Kappa Kappa Gamma sorority [edit]

Ivins was reportedly obsessed with the college sorority Kappa Kappa Gamma (KKG) ever since he was rebuffed by a woman in the sorority during his days equally a student at Academy of Cincinnati,[81] [82] including edits to Wikipedia on the topic.[81]

The FBI said, considering anthrax spores were plant in a postal driblet box located 300 anxiety (91 one thousand) away from Princeton Academy's KKG storage facility (where the sorority keeps rush paraphernalia, initiation robes and other materials), that the anthrax laced letters had been mailed from that drop box.[83] Nevertheless, no evidence was plant to place Ivins in Princeton, New Bailiwick of jersey, on the day the letters were mailed.[81] Katherine Breckinridge Graham, an advisor to KKG's Princeton chapter, stated that in that location was nothing to indicate that whatever of the sorority members had annihilation to do with Ivins.[82] Officials merits that the sorority link helps explain why the messages were mailed from Princeton, 200 miles (320 km) from the USAMRIID laboratory where Ivins worked and where it is claimed the anthrax was produced.

A United states government investigative panel, chosen the Proficient Behavioral Analysis Console, issued a report in March 2011 which detailed more of Ivins' obsession with the sorority. Co-ordinate to the panel's written report, Ivins tormented a KKG fellow member at the University of North Carolina named Nancy Haigwood. Ivins stole her notebook, which documented her research for her doctoral studies and vandalized her residence.[65]

Biography [edit]

In 2011, announcer David Willman's book on Ivins, The Mirage Human being: Bruce Ivins, the Anthrax Attacks, and America's Rush to War, was published. The book details Ivins' troubled history and mental bug.[84]

In pop culture [edit]

The 2001 anthrax attack was featured in the Tv series The Hot Zone.

Patents [edit]

  • U.S. Patent 6,316,006 November thirteen, 2001 Asporogenic B anthracis expression organization
  • U.S. Patent 6,387,665 May 14, 2002 Method of making a vaccine for anthrax

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d east f g h i "Obituary: Dr. Bruce Edwards Ivins". Frederick News-Post. July 31, 2008. Archived from the original on Baronial v, 2008. Retrieved August ane, 2008.
  2. ^ a b c d east f thou Willman, David (Baronial 1, 2008). "Apparent suicide in anthrax example". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August i, 2008.
  3. ^ Apuzzo, Matt; Dishneau, David (August 1, 2008). "U.Due south. wanted death penalty in anthrax case". Associated Press. Archived from the original on Baronial vii, 2008. Retrieved Baronial 1, 2008. Federal prosecutors investigating the 2001 anthrax attacks were planning to indict and seek the death penalty against a meridian Army microbiologist who was developing a vaccine against the deadly toxin.
  4. ^ Willman, David (September eighteen, 2008). "Senators question FBI'southward handling of anthrax inquiry". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved September 23, 2008. Ivins, 62, committed suicide July 29. His former lawyers have said they would have won his acquittal at a trial.
  5. ^ Jordan, Lara Jakes; Dishneau, David (August 1, 2008). "Anthrax scientist commits suicide as FBI closes in". Associated Press. Archived from the original on September 13, 2009. Retrieved August one, 2008. A meridian U.S. biodefense researcher apparently committed suicide only as the Justice Department was about to file criminal charges against him in the anthrax mailings that traumatized the nation in the weeks following the Sept. xi, 2001, terrorist attacks, according to a published report.
  6. ^ Carrie Johnson, Mary Beth Sheridan and William Branigin (August half-dozen, 2008). "Officials Say Scientist Was Solely Responsible for Anthrax Attacks". The Washington Post.
  7. ^ "Government'due south Omnibus Movement to Unseal Search Warrants and Accompanying Documents, and Memorandum of Law In Support Thereof" (PDF). US District Court for the District of Columbia. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 9, 2008. Retrieved August 8, 2008.
  8. ^ Joby Warrick (Feb xx, 2010). "FBI investigation of 2001 anthrax attacks concluded; U.S. releases details". The Washington Post.
  9. ^ "AMERITHRAX Investigative Summary" (PDF). U.s.a. Section of Justice. February nineteen, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 28, 2013. Retrieved March 14, 2010.
  10. ^ "Widow of anthrax victim doubts FBI'due south conclusion". The Wall Street Journal. Associated Press. May 19, 2011. Archived from the original on May 26, 2011. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
  11. ^ a b c d eastward f thousand Greenwald, Glenn (February 16, 2011). "Serious doubt cast on FBI's anthrax instance against Bruce Ivans". Salon . Retrieved February 13, 2020.
  12. ^ a b Gordon, Greg (May 26, 2011). "Congressman presses FBI for anthrax information". Miami Herald. [ dead link ]
  13. ^ a b Lengel, Allan (May 26, 2011). "Rep. Nadler Criticizes FBI in Letter of the alphabet to Manager Mueller Over Anthrax Probe". Ticklethewire.com. (includes complete text of letter of the alphabet from Rep. Jerrold Nadler).
  14. ^ a b c d eastward f thousand Scott Shane (Apr 23, 2010). "Colleague Disputes Case Against Anthrax Doubtable". The New York Times . Retrieved Apr 23, 2010.
  15. ^ "National-Academies.org - Where the Nation Turns for Independent, Expert Advice". nationalacademies.org.
  16. ^ Alice P. Gast, chair, David A. Relman, vice chair, Opening statement for Review of the Scientific Approaches Used During the FBI'southward Investigation of the 2001 Anthrax Letters, National Inquiry Quango, Board on Life Sciences, Committee on Science, Engineering, and Constabulary, Feb 15, 2011.
  17. ^ "Anthrax panel led by Gast releases study". Lehigh University. February 15, 2011. Retrieved February thirteen, 2020.
  18. ^ "Public Conference of National Research Council Review of Science in FBI's Anthrax Case (video)". National Research Council. February fifteen, 2011. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011 – via TV Worldwide.
  19. ^ Shane, Scott (February fifteen, 2011). "Review Faults F.B.I.'s Scientific Work in Anthrax Investigation". The New York Times.
  20. ^ Gordon, Greg (May 19, 2011). "FBI lab reports on anthrax attacks propose another miscue". McClatchy Newspapers. Archived from the original on May 29, 2011.
  21. ^ Gordon, Greg (May 19, 2011). "Disturbing questions haunt anthrax killings inquiry". The Kansas Urban center Star. [ expressionless link ]
  22. ^ a b Willman, David (May 29, 2011). "The Anthrax Killings: A Troubled Listen". Los Angeles Times.
  23. ^ a b c d e f thou h Warrick, Joby; Marilyn West. Thompson; Nelson Hernandez (Baronial two, 2008). "A Scientist's Repose Life Took A Darker Plow". The Washington Post . Retrieved August 3, 2008.
  24. ^ Willman, David (2011). The Mirage Man: Bruce Ivins, the Anthrax Attacks, and America's Rush to War. Random House Publishing Group. p. xviii. ISBN978-0-345-53021-9.
  25. ^ a b c Abruzzese, Sarah; Eric Lipton (Baronial 2, 2008). "In Expiry Of Doubtable, A Dark End For A Family Man And Community Volunteer". The New York Times . Retrieved August iii, 2008.
  26. ^ Dishneau, David (August ii, 2008). "Ivins had mild persona, but some saw dark side". San Francisco Chronicle. Associated Press. Archived from the original on September fourteen, 2009.
  27. ^ Hucher, Due north.; Decroix, B.; Daïch, A. (June 29, 2001). "Ivins". The Periodical of Organic Chemistry. PubMed. 66 (13): 4695–4703. doi:10.1021/jo0156316. PMID 11421795. Retrieved Baronial 4, 2008.
  28. ^ "Anthrax doubtable was a prolific scientific author". Associated Printing. Baronial 4, 2004. Archived from the original on Baronial 7, 2008. Retrieved August v, 2008. Suspected anthrax mailer Bruce Ivins was a prolific correspondent to enquiry articles in the cabalistic field of deadly pathogens, and was named as a co-writer in more 40 studies published in scientific journals since the late 1960s.
  29. ^ Ivins BE, Wyrick PB (November 1978). "Response of C3H/HeJ and C3H/HeN mice and their peritoneal macrophages to the toxicity of Chlamydia psittaci uncomplicated bodies". Infect. Immun. 22 (2): 620–2. doi:10.1128/IAI.22.2.620-622.1978. PMC422200. PMID 730377.
  30. ^ Wyrick Atomic number 82, Brownridge EA, Ivins Be (March 1978). "Interaction of Chlamydia psittaci with mouse peritoneal macrophages". Infect. Immun. nineteen (3): 1061–7. doi:x.1128/IAI.19.three.1061-1067.1978. PMC422296. PMID 565339.
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External links [edit]

  • PubMed Ivins BE equally author
  • Google Scholar Bruce E. Ivins publications
  • "Amerithrax Court Documents". U.s.a. Department of Justice. Archived from the original on Baronial 17, 2008.
  • 2008 Courtroom Documents and DOJ Report in user-friendly class
  • Shachtman, Noah (March 24, 2011). "Anthrax Redux: Did the Feds Nab the Incorrect Guy?". Wired . Retrieved February 13, 2020.
  • News articles of Bruce Ivins in the Frederick News-Post

taverascind1940.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Edwards_Ivins

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